历史

军事上：奖励军功，对有军功者授予爵位并赏赐土地。

变法影响。使秦国的国力大为增强，提高了军队的战斗力，一跃成为最强盛的诸侯国，为

以后秦国统一全国奠定了基础。

小结：春秋战国时期社会大变革的表现：

政治制度上：由奴隶社会进入封建社会。方式：改革，代表，嬴鞅变法

经济上：铁器、牛耕的使用。

战国后期，256年，秦国蜀郡太守李冰主持修建都江堰，是有名的防洪濯溉工程。

军事上：渚侯混战

思想上，百家争鸣

代表人物

春秋、孔子

学派

主要思想

政治：“仁”“仁者爱人"“为政以德”“以德治国"教育：有教无类因材施教温故知新

“仁政”、“民为贵，君为轻，社稷次之”反对非正义战争主张“礼治”

“无为而治”。认为一切事物都有对立面，善于从正反两个方面思考问题。

人应该追求精神自由，要保持独立人格。

主张依法治国，树立君主的权威，建立中央集权专制统治。（最适应当时时代潮流）

百家争鸣的作用：促进了思想和学术的繁荣，成为中国古代第一次思想文化发展的高峰，为中国古代文化的发展奠定了基础。

In the fourth place, fill in an appropriate word or a good name in parenthesesL My wife and I have always been friendly with the clerks at the local store. I don't think many people know 1difficult job these clerks have. They work for a little money and I often wonder how they make 2(end) metOne of the clerks, Charlie, was always wearing his glasses but he didn't one day. I asked him about it and hesaid they'd been_3 (break) and that he couldn't afford a new pair. His family needed money. It was clear that he4(have) a difficult time.We wanted to help him, so we turned to our own eve doctor for help with a plan. We let his 5(help) callhim, asking him to come in for an eye exam for free. We told the doctor to let him order whatever glasses he wantedand that we would pay for6(they). Although Charlie 7 (question) what was going on, the doctor just toldhim that someone had offered the money for his new glasses. When we went in to pay the bill, the doctor told us he8 (touch) by our idea so that he only charged us half the price of the glasses!It was so wonderful to see Charlie 9 his new glasses and he enjoyed 10 (tell) all the regular customershow the gift came about. I'm sure that upon hearing his story, ideas of kindness may have come in the minds ofmany people.

初中芝士汇总提示您：看后求收藏（同创文学网http://www.tcwxx.com），接着再看更方便。